Green Healthy Neighborhoods. Adopted in 2014, Green Healthy Neighborhoods is a 10- to 20-year planning strategy to maximize the use of vacant land and other neighborhood resources within Chicago's Englewood, West Englewood, Washington Park and Woodlawn community areas as well as parts of the New City, Fuller Park and Greater Grand Crossing community areas.Political map of Chicago, Illinois. The political map of Chicago shows it to be divided into 77 neighborhoods and 9 community areas that compose the entire city. These divisions are reflected in its government structure as well as its cultural identity. Additionally, a political map will show any major roads, waterways or other markers in ...The City of Chicago is located on Lake Michigan, in Cook County, in northeastern Illinois. City government is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor is the chief executive while the City Council, elected from 50 wards, is the legislative body. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually ...This map shows all counties, major cities, towns, and villages. So, get this map for free if you need a complete state map. The sixth map is related to the main County map of Illinois. In this map, you …2. Ride it. Hop on and start cruisin’. 3. Park it. Find an open space at any Divvy docking station. When the lock-in light turns green, you’re all set. For more info about the rider experience, go here. We highly encourage …79. I am recreating the city of Chicago, Illinois in roughly 1:2 scale (56% of the original size). This project will cover all of downtown Chicago. I am recreating the city based off images and 3D models provided by Google Maps, Google images, and the Sketchup 3D Warehouse. Data about the heights of buildings are provided by Skyscraperpage and ...List and Interactive Map of Chicago Illinois ZIP Codes By Median Household Income. ZipDataMaps. Blog; About; Data and Maps. ... ZIP Code City/Town ZIP Type Median Household Income(2021) ZIP Code 60018: Des Plaines: Standard: $69,834: ZIP Code 60106: Bensenville: Standard: $69,132: ZIP Code 60131: Franklin Park:Chicago is a city located in Cook County and DuPage County Illinois. Chicago has a 2024 population of 2,590,002. It is also the county seat of Cook County. Chicago is currently declining at a rate of -1.43% annually and its population has decreased by-5.48% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 2,740,076 in 2020.. The average household income in . Chicago is $108,346 ...Latest Data. CDPH recommends that communities and individuals reference the hospital admission level for the greater Cook County area when making decisions about what preventive actions to take against COVID-19. You can find our current level, along with information about how it’s defined, on our COVID-19 Hospital Admission Levels page. The Map shows a city map of Chicago with expressways, main roads, and streets, zoom out to find O'Hare International Airport ( IATA code: ORD), located 17 mi (27 km) by road, northwest of the Chicago Loop, and Chicago Midway Airport ( IATA code: MDW) is located 11 mi (17 km) by road, southwest of downtown Chicago. Road map. Detailed street map and route planner provided by Google. Find local businesses and nearby restaurants, see local traffic and road conditions. Use this map type to plan a road trip and to get driving directions in North Chicago. Switch to a Google Earth view for the detailed virtual globe and 3D buildings in many major cities worldwide.Chicago is a city in Illinois with a population of 2,721,914. Chicago is in Cook County and is one of the best places to live in Illinois. Living in Chicago offers residents an urban feel and most residents rent their homes. In Chicago there are a lot of bars, restaurants, coffee shops, and parks. Many families and young professionals live in ...Chicago Map. The City of Chicago is located in the State of Illinois.Find directions to Chicago, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more.According to the 2019 US Census the Chicago population is estimated at 2,677,643 people.This brief looks at geographic areas of Chicago with large numbers of vulnerable residents in elderly care facilities during the COVID-19 outbreak. UI Health UIC's seven health sciences colleges and health care delivery enterprise.69 West Washington Street Suites 600/800 Chicago, IL 60602 (312) 269-7900Charleston, Illinois is a wonderful city and the county seat of Coles County. It is located approximately 130 miles south of Chicago and 180 miles northeast of St. Louis. Charleston is home to Eastern Illinois University, a public university that was founded in 1895.created Jun 8 2011. updated Aug 27 2016. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) counts are analogous to a census count of vehicles on city streets. These counts provide a close approximation to the actual number of vehicles passing through a given location on an average weekday. Since it is not possible to count every vehicle on every city street, sample ...Official MapQuest website, find driving directions, maps, live traffic updates and road conditions. Find nearby businesses, restaurants and hotels. Explore!Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.View Illinois Township and Range on Google Maps with this interactive Section Township Range finder. Search by address, place, land parcel description or GPS coordinates (latitude, longitude) ... 41.854 for Chicago (note: ... Note that typing an address will zoom in the map very close, whereas typing a city or county by itself will show you a ...Map of the ward boundaries in Chicago from May 2023 onward.Last modified on Fri 23 Sep 2022 17.20 EDT. O ne in 20 tap water tests performed for thousands of Chicago residents found lead, a neurotoxic metal, at or above US government limits, according to a ...Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a City of Chicago government site. The site is secure. ... Chicago, IL 60602: Serving you. 25th Ward Legal Clinics; City Holidays (Offices Closed) ... Wards. Supporting Information. Ward Map. Related Links. Chicago Police Department; Chicago Park District; Chicago Public Schools; City ... This Open Street Map of Chicago features the full detailed scheme of Chicago streets and roads. Use the plus/minus buttons on the map to zoom in or out. Also check out the , and some about Chicago. The exact coordinates of Chicago Illinois for your GPS track: Latitude 41.882 North, Longitude 87.632431 West. You can find where each city is located on the Map of Illinois Cities. Largest Cities in Illinois. The biggest cities in Illinois are bustling with excitement and have so much to discover and enjoy. Some of the most well-known cities in Illinois are Chicago, Aurora, Rockford, Joliet, Naperville, and Springfield. These cities are famous for ...Map Of Cities Near Chicago And Surrounding Area. Small Cities & Towns Near Chicago Illinois. If you’re looking for an even smaller town near Chicago to call home, we’re here to help. Our team has created a list of cities near Chicago with a population under 20,000. While a majority of these cities are under 50 miles away, there are two …Important Cities in Illinois by Population: Chicago is the largest amongst the Illinois Cities. It is the third most populated city of the United States of America. Apart from Chicago, there are six other cities, which boast of a population of more than 1 lakh. These cities are Aurora, Rockford, Naperville, Joliet, Springfield and Peoria.Champaign is a bustling city located in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 88,302 at the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous municipality in Illinois and the fourth most populous city in Illinois outside the Chicago metropolitan area. Champaign shares the main campus of the University of Illinois with its ...The CTA System Map shows both CTA Bus and Rail lines, as well as connecting services provided by other transit agencies in Chicago and surrounding communities. Downloadable PDFs. CTA Map Brochure ; Mapa en español (texto equivalente próximamente) Web-based clickable map - view in browser. System map; Downtown mapIllinois Maps Illinois is the 24th largest state in the United States, covering a land area of 55,584 square miles (143,963 square kilometers). The state of Illinois contains 102 counties. This Illinois map site features road maps, topographical maps, and relief maps of Illinois.Chicago Downtown virtual tour in 4K – Enjoy the breathtaking Chicago city tour of in a beautiful 4K picture from the comfort of your home.This Chicago travel...Dec 22, 2023 · Description: This map shows cities, towns, us highways, state highways and points of interest in Chicago And Vicinity. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a City of Chicago government site. The site is secure. The https: // ... Ward Map of Chicago (in PDF format) These ward maps are linked to the Chicago Board of Election Commissioner's website. Wards Ward 1 Served by Alderperson Daniel La Spata. Ward 2 . Served by Alderperson Brian Hopkins. … A map of Illinois cities that includes interstates, US Highways and State Routes - by Geology.com Over 200,000+ Wall Maps! Select your Chicago, IL Wall Maps today! The Leading Source of Wall Maps Delivered as FAST as Next Day! Contact Us 1-888-434-6277 | 0 * FREE SHIPPING! 100% Satisfaction ... Shop for Your City Wall Maps... Order Online or Call Us Now! Chicago Wall Maps - Select Your Map: Most Popular Chicago Wall Maps ...Located in the heart of one of the world's great cities, the University of Illinois Chicago is a vital part of the educational, technological and cultural fabric of the region. As Chicago's only public research university with more than 33,000 students, 16 colleges, a hospital and a health sciences system, UIC provides students access to excellence and opportunity.This dataset reflects reported incidents of crime (with the exception of murders where data exists for each victim) that occurred in the City of Chicago from 2001 to present, minus the most recent seven days. Data is extracted from the Chicago Police Department's CLEAR (Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) system. In order to protect the privacy of crime victims, addresses are shown ...Here’s a look at what city will host in 2024, plus all the past and future locations. ... Trending 24/7 Streaming News NBC Sports Chicago Must-See Videos … New City is district in Chicago metropolitan area. This page offers you detailed map of this area of Chicago and some basic information that can be useful for your visit. Note that New City district is also part of Google streetview maps so you can browse to our New City streetview map to see the place virtually. You can also check current ... The results show widespread lead contamination across Chicago. The average amount of lead in the soil was 220 parts per million (ppm) which is 11 times higher than the natural level of 20 ppm. According to the study, 20% of the city's soils are higher than 400 ppm. "This research is important for those participating in urban gardens and ...Proclamation of Official Results for the March 19, 2024 Presidential Primary Election in the City of Chicago April 09, 2024 Chicago Elected School Board Candidate's Guide and District Maps March 26, 2024About the Skyway. Built by the City of Chicago in 1958, the Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge (also known as the “Skyway”) is a 7.8-mile-long toll road that connects the Indiana Toll Road to the Dan Ryan Expressway on Chicago's South Side. The main feature of the Skyway is a 1⁄2-mile-long steel truss bridge, known as the "High Bridge".CMAP's urban flood susceptibility index identifies priority areas across the region for flooding mitigation activities. ON TO 2050 recognizes that continued urbanization and climate change will bring more flooding to the Chicago region. This map identifies those areas that are more susceptible to flooding and helps prioritize investments ...Product Description. 30 x 29 inches. Laminated. Flat map, tubed for shipping. This detailed reference map combines two maps in one - a regional map of the Chicagoland area plus a street-level map of downtown Chicago. The regional map shows the area's cities and towns, highways and roads, and a variety of points of interest.Built between 1909 and 1910, the Robie House is a landmark building in Chicago and one of the most famous examples of Wright's signature Prairie Style, a style inspired by the sweeping landscape of the Midwestern prairies. In 2019, the Robie House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Elburn Map. Elburn is a village in Kane County, Illinois, United States.The population was 4,751 as of 2006. It is located at the intersection of Illinois Route 38 and Route 47. Elburn is a far-west suburb situated 46 miles (74 km) due west of the Chicago Loop with frequent service on the Union Pacific/West line of the Metra commuter rail system.Cook County Map. The County of Cook is located in the State of Illinois. Find directions to Cook County, browse local businesses, landmarks, get current traffic estimates, road conditions, and more. According to the 2020 US Census the Cook County population is estimated at 5,108,284 people. The Cook County time zone is Central Daylight Time ...Explore the city of Chicago with this interactive map created by a user. You can zoom in and out, switch between satellite and terrain views, and see the locations of landmarks, attractions, and ...City of ChicagoKennedy-King College. 6301 South Halsted St Chicago, IL 60621. Get Directions. Kennedy-King College in Englewood includes the Washburne Culinary & Hospitality Institute, Sikia and Parrot Cage restaurants, Dawson Technical Institute and the WKKC radio station. Its industry focus is culinary arts and hospitality as well as construction technology.Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, Illinois. Sign in. Open full screen to view more. This map was created by a user. Learn how to create your own. ...Map - Speed Camera Locations. This dataset shows the location, first operational date, and approaches of the speed cameras in the City of Chicago. The approach describes the originating direction of travel which is monitored by a speed camera. Expand.Chicago Map >. The windy port city of Chicago is a major U.S. commercial and industrial center with a storied past. In the 1770s, the son of an African American slave mother and businessman father from Quebec named Jean Baptiste Point du Sable founded a trading post located at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan.created Jun 8 2011. updated Aug 27 2016. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) counts are analogous to a census count of vehicles on city streets. These counts provide a close approximation to the actual number of vehicles passing through a given location on an average weekday. Since it is not possible to count every vehicle on every city street, sample ...DFSS has two roles in managing Chicago's homeless shelter system: funding and coordination of shelter placement. DFSS funds and oversees a network of overnight and interim housing shelter programs that includes over 3,000 shelter beds at 50 separate facilities operated by 29 different delegates. Second, DFSS is integral to the coordination of ...Granite City Map. Granite City is a city in Madison County, Illinois, United States, part of the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. At the 2010 census, the population was 29,849, making it the second largest city in the Metro-East and Southern Illinois, behind Belleville. Officially founded in 1896, Granite City was named by the Niedringhaus ... Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, Illinois. Sign in. Open full screen to view more. This map was created by a user. Learn how to create your own. ... You can find where each city is located on the Map of Illinois Cities. Largest Cities in Illinois. The biggest cities in Illinois are bustling with excitement and have so much to discover and enjoy. Some of the most well-known cities in Illinois are Chicago, Aurora, Rockford, Joliet, Naperville, and Springfield. These cities are famous for ...1880 Chicago Directory. For easier viewing, the directory has been divided into several sections. Click on the links below to open a PDF file for the section you wish to view. Front Section. Street Guide. Individual Listings: Business Listings: A-F G-O P-Z -.Take a boat cruise through the heart of the city, see your reflection in "The Bean," step outside one of the world's tallest buildings. We've rounded up some of the city's must-see sights, iconic attractions, and top tours to add to your itinerary. And don't miss attraction passes for reduced admission to museums, activities, and ...DFSS has two roles in managing Chicago’s homeless shelter system: funding and coordination of shelter placement. DFSS funds and oversees a network of overnight and interim housing shelter programs that includes over 3,000 shelter beds at 50 separate facilities operated by 29 different delegates. Second, DFSS is integral to the coordination …Quick Tips for using this 1840 Historical Illinois Counties Map tool. There are four ways to get started using this Historical U.S. Counties map tool. Type any PRESENT-day place or address in the “Search places” box above the map and choose the one you want from the auto-complete list. Click the map to see the historical county name for ...The City of Chicago recommended 133 census tracts — out of more than 500 eligible tracts in the City — to the State of Illinois for designation as Opportunity Zones, as well as two additional tracts that make up the former Michael Reese Hospital site. The selection of the 133 census tracts focuses on areas of the city in greatest need ...Explore our maps, including votes for President, Illinois’ tax amendment, State’s Attorney and judges. By Pat Sier and Bettina Chang In a heated election year amid an escalating pandemic, Chicagoans broke early voting records—with over 1 million residents who voted early, either by mail or in person, almost tripling the number in …Scroll down the page to the Illinois County Map Image. See a county map of Illinois on Google Maps with this free, interactive map tool. This Illinois county map shows county borders and also has options to show county name labels, overlay city limits and townships and more. To do a county lookup by address, type the address into the "Search ...The City of Chicago recommended 133 census tracts — out of more than 500 eligible tracts in the City — to the State of Illinois for designation as Opportunity Zones, as well as two additional tracts that make up the former Michael Reese Hospital site. The selection of the 133 census tracts focuses on areas of the city in greatest need ...Location: City Hall -- Council Chamber -- Chicago, Illinois. ... 2024 City of Chicago Budget. CITY COUNCIL AND COMMITTEE MEETING WEB STREAM ARCHIVE. City Council Meeting web archive from July 2011 to December 2019; City Council Meeting web archive from January 2020 to Present; Committee Meeting Video Archives;Interactive and printable 60638 ZIP code maps, population demographics, Chicago IL real estate costs, rental prices, and home values. Share: Home Find ZIPs in a Radius Printable Maps ZIP Code Database. ... Post Office City: Chicago, IL (View All Cities) Neighborhood: Clearing: County: Cook County: Timezone: Central (3:07pm) Area code: 312 (Area ... Shows boundaries of Chicago's neighborhoods, with links to each neighborhood's EveryBlock and Wikipedia page. This map is based on the ">City of Chicago's GIS data</a>. QuickFacts Chicago city, Illinois; United States. QuickFacts provides statistics for all states and counties. Also for cities and towns with a population of 5,000 or more.The Illinois Enterprise Zone ("EZ") program was originally established in Chicago in 1982 in order to "stimulate economic growth and neighborhood revitalization in economically depressed areas of the state through state and local tax incentives, regulatory relief and improved governmental services.". As of 2024, there are six Enterprise ...Accessibility. The accessibility provisions of the 2019 Chicago Construction Codes (primarily Chapter 14B-11 and Section 14R-3-305) apply to all permit applications started on or after December 1, 2019, regardless of whether the project is electing to follow other provisions of the 2019 Chicago Building Code or Chicago Building Rehabilitation Code (links above).ChooseChicago.com, the Official Tourism Website for Chicago. Illinois Data. Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, with a population of nearly three million people. Its scenic lakeside location, world-class cultural offerings and unique architecture are just some of the reasons why Chicago is a great place to live and visit.Chicago Interactive Map. Includes police stations, fire stations, schools, clinics and many other facilities as well as political boundaries, transit routes, street closures, TIF districts, …Illinois has a population of 12.6 million people (est. 2019) , the capital city is Springfield. The state's primate city is Chicago; its largest metro is the Chicago metropolitan area (Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, aka Chicagoland). Other metropolitan areas are the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area and Greater St. Louis (Metro East).Tornado activity: North Chicago-area historical tornado activity is slightly below Illinois state average.It is 26% greater than the overall U.S. average.. On 9/28/1972, a category F4 (max. wind speeds 207-260 mph) tornado 3.0 miles away from the North Chicago city center injured 20 people and caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages.. On 4/21/1967, a category F4 tornado 14.4 miles ...You may download, print or use the above map for educational, personal and non-commercial purposes. Attribution is required. For any website, blog, scientific ...The Department of Finance is responsible for revenue collection, utility billing, tax and parking enforcement, administering employee payroll, benefits and safety; risk management and accounting and financial reporting.As the principal planning agency for the City of Chicago, the Department of Planning and Development (DPD) promotes the comprehensive growth and sustainability of the City and its neighborhoods. The department also oversees the City's zoning and land use policies and employs a variety of resources to encourage business and real estate ...Travel Information. This area is designed to provide information for all transportation users from a multi-modal perspective, to include specialized resources such as interactive maps, safety-focused videos, and other traveler resources to enrich the Illinois travel experience. Roadway Information.Explore our maps, including votes for President, Illinois’ tax amendment, State’s Attorney and judges. By Pat Sier and Bettina Chang In a heated election year amid an escalating pandemic, Chicagoans broke early voting records—with over 1 million residents who voted early, either by mail or in person, almost tripling the number in …Sign in to explore this map and other maps from City of Chicago and thousands of organizations and enrich them with your own data to create new maps and map layers. Sign In. Esri Canada, Esri, HERE, Garmin, USGS, NGA, EPA, USDA, NPS. +.What is the sales tax rate in Chicago, Illinois? The minimum combined 2024 sales tax rate for Chicago, Illinois is . This is the total of state, county and city sales tax rates. The Illinois sales tax rate is currently %. The County sales tax rate is %. The Chicago sales tax rate is %. Did South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc affect Illinois?World USA Illinois Chicago Map. Chicago air quality map Live air pollution map of Chicago. LOCATE ME . 31.6K people follow this city. 74. 88. 91. 93. 86. 84. 80. 50. 44. 46. 0. 74. 52. 84. 78. 93. 93. 93. 39. 84. 91. 97. 88. 72. 86. ... Get an AirVisual Outdoor and contribute to collecting millions of data points for the Chicago map to track ...
The Chicago Transport Map. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Map is the ideal guide to help you easily get around the city by train or bus. It provides detailed information about buses, trains (known as the "L") stations, and timetables, with a comprehensive system-wide map to simplify the journey.. Pima credit union
Our Structure. DPD consists of more than 170 staff working within the Commissioner's Office and several bureaus and divisions: Planning & Design, Economic Development, Small Business Development, Finance, Operations, Citywide Systems & Historic Preservation, Communications & Outreach, and Zoning. DPD's Bureau of Operations supports the work of ...118 North Clark Street • Third Floor, Room #320 • Chicago, IL 60602 Local Township Assessors • CCAO Office Locations • Cook County Government Offices Facebook Instagram Linked In Twitter You Tube MediumOmaha. Denver. Salt Lake City. Emeryville (San Francisco) 51 hours 20 minutes Daily Departure. Experienced travelers say the California Zephyr is one of the most beautiful train trips in all of North America. As you climb through the heart of the Rockies, and further west through the snow-capped Sierra Nevadas, you may find it hard to disagree.Enjoy Illinois Inspiration Guide. Find unexpected ways to enjoy Illinois in this biannual inspiration guide that explores every corner of the state. Each issue offers a mix of travel stories, stunning photography and timely trip ideas that'll help you make the most of each season. Order Print Copy View Online Download PDF.District Maps, Narratives and Redevelopment Agreement Information. TIF district information is arranged by region, below. District maps are also viewable as a layer on the city's zoning map. .This dataset reflects reported incidents of crime (with the exception of murders where data exists for each victim) that occurred in the City of Chicago from 2001 to present, minus the most recent seven days. Data is extracted from the Chicago Police Department's CLEAR (Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) system. In order to protect the privacy of crime victims, addresses are shown ...Map of the United States with Illinois highlighted. Illinois is a state located in the Midwestern United States.According to the 2020 United States census Illinois is the 6th most populous state with 12,812,508 inhabitants but the 24th largest by land area spanning 55,499.0 square miles (143,742 km 2) of land. Illinois is divided into 102 counties and, as of 2020, contained 1,300 ...Ottawa Map. Ottawa is a city located at the confluence of the Illinois River and Fox River in LaSalle County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 18,307. It is the county seat of LaSalle County and it is part of the Ottawa-Streator Micropolitan Statistical Area, which was the 259th-most populous area in the United States in 2007.About City of Chicago: Most populous city in Illinois, 3rd-most-populous city in the US. Population of Chicago: 2695598 (3rd in US) Incorporated: March 4, 1837: Chicago Area (metro) 234.21 sq mi (606.60 km2) Chicago Area codes: 312/872 and 773/872: Chicago ZIP Code Prefixes: 606xx, 607xx, 608xx: Chicago Climate: Humid Continental Climate ...Long Grove Craft Beer Festival. Brothers' Field • Apr 27 @ 12noon. Gather your crew for an afternoon showcasing a lineup of various styles of locally crafted beers presented by area breweries during the historic downtown Long Grove…. Museum & Gallery Exhibits.Just check out the map below. Work hard. Play hard. Ride easy. Save money. Save time. Have fun. Go green. What's not to love? Get started with the app. Explore the city. Logan Square to Wrigley Field. Millennium Park to Promontory Point and beyond. There are more than 400 miles of bike lanes in Chicago and Evanston. Go get 'em. Reinvent ...The City of Chicago recommended 133 census tracts — out of more than 500 eligible tracts in the City — to the State of Illinois for designation as Opportunity Zones, as well as two additional tracts that make up the former Michael Reese Hospital site. The selection of the 133 census tracts focuses on areas of the city in greatest need ...Interactive map of Chicago with all popular attractions - Millennium Park, Navy Pier, 360 Chicago and more. Take a look at our detailed itineraries, guides and maps to help you plan your trip to Chicago.Englewood is a neighborhood and community area located on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is also the 68th of the 77 community areas in the city. Photo: MrHarman, CC BY-SA 4.0. Ukraine is facing shortages in its brave fight to survive. Please support Ukraine, because Ukraine supports the laws and values of the democratic ...Permits. Permits issued by the Department of Buildings help to ensure construction work complies with the minimum standards of safety established by the Chicago Construction Codes in order to protect public health, safety, and welfare. A permit is required before beginning most construction, demolition, and repair work.Crime rates on the map are weighted by the type and severity of the crime. Is Chicago, IL Safe? The D grade means the rate of crime is higher than the average US city. Chicago is in the 16th percentile for safety, meaning 84% of cities are safer and 16% of cities are more dangerous. This analysis applies to the Chicago area's proper boundaries ....